PAPR reduction in CP-OFDM (5G) using hybrid technique

The Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) is a 5G multicarrier waveform that offers great data speeds and improvements in spectrum utilisation. The primary CP-OFDM’s weakness is its excessive peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which is a characteristic of all multicarrier modulation techniques. We study the application of a hybrid technique approach how to lower the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) in a CP-OFDM system. We also evaluated the outcomes of peak to average power ratio (PAPR) decrease in CP-OFDM, utilising a hybrid technique with Group Codeword Shift (GCS), Median Codeword Shift, Selective Codeword Shift (SCS), and Conventional CP-OFDM. When compared to the non-hybrid technique, the simulation results indicate that the hybrid approach is superior in reducing the peak PAPR by more than 65 percent

Penguasaan ciri aliran tematik penulisan Bahasa Sepanyol bukan natif

Aliran tematik adalah berkenaan cara idea dilanjutkan ayat demi ayat dalam teks. Dengan itu, aliran tematik merupakan unsur penting dalam penghasilan sesebuah penulisan. Kajian penulisan tertumpu kepada kajian linguistik, pembelajaran dan pengajaran dan eksperimental benar. Namun, kajian linguistik yang memfokuskan aliran tematik hanya mengkaji pembinaan aliran tematik yang terkandung dalam teks tanpa melibatkan pembolehubah kategori pelajar, manakala kajian penghasilan teks sebagai bahasa asing selain bahasa Inggeris amat terhad dan tidak membincangkan hubungan antara pencapaian bahasa dengan pemanfaatan jenis aliran tematik. Maka, makalah ini membahaskan penguasaan ciri aliran tematik penulisan naratif yang dihasilkan oleh pelajar tahap lanjutan bahasa Sepanyol bukan natif berdasarkan pembolehubah kategori pelajar dan mengenal pasti hubungannya dengan pencapaian bahasa. Kajian ini menganalisis 30 teks naratif yang melibatkan 106 buah perenggan. Pergerakan aliran tematik dalam setiap perenggan dianalisis berpandukan skema aliran tematik, Rema Regresi, Rema Ulangan, Tema Rencam, Box Development dan Pair to Single Development. Hasil kajian memaparkan, ketiga-tiga kategori pelajar mewacanakan penulisan secara dominan menerusi aliran Tema Rencam tanpa peka kepada genre penulisan. Pembolehubah kategori pelajar secara hakikatnya tidak memainkan peranan dan tidak mempengaruhi pembinaan aliran tematik mereka. Tiada hubungan yang signifikan antara aliran tematik dengan pencapaian bahasa diperolehi. Hasil penemuan ini membuktikan aliran tematik berupaya dijadikan sebagai satu teknik yang efektif kepada guru dan pelajar untuk membentuk dan membina sebuah penulisan yang berkesinambungan

Penguasaan ciri aliran tematik penulisan bahasa Sepanyol bukan natif

Aliran tematik adalah berkenaan cara idea dilanjutkan ayat demi ayat dalam teks. Dengan itu, aliran tematik merupakan unsur penting dalam penghasilan sesebuah penulisan. Kajian penulisan tertumpu kepada kajian linguistik, pembelajaran dan pengajaran dan eksperimental benar. Namun, kajian linguistik yang memfokuskan aliran tematik hanya mengkaji pembinaan aliran tematik yang terkandung dalam teks tanpa melibatkan pembolehubah kategori pelajar, manakala kajian penghasilan teks sebagai bahasa asing selain bahasa Inggeris amat terhad dan tidak membincangkan hubungan antara pencapaian bahasa dengan pemanfaatan jenis aliran tematik. Maka, makalah ini membahaskan penguasaan ciri aliran tematik penulisan naratif yang dihasilkan oleh pelajar tahap lanjutan bahasa Sepanyol bukan natif berdasarkan pembolehubah kategori pelajar dan mengenal pasti hubungannya dengan pencapaian bahasa. Kajian ini menganalisis 30 teks naratif yang melibatkan 106 buah perenggan. Pergerakan aliran tematik dalam setiap perenggan dianalisis berpandukan skema aliran tematik, Rema Regresi, Rema Ulangan, Tema Rencam, Box Development dan Pair to Single Development. Hasil kajian memaparkan, ketiga-tiga kategori pelajar mewacanakan penulisan secara dominan menerusi aliran Tema Rencam tanpa peka kepada genre penulisan. Pembolehubah kategori pelajar secara hakikatnya tidak memainkan peranan dan tidak mempengaruhi pembinaan aliran tematik mereka. Tiada hubungan yang signifikan antara aliran tematik dengan pencapaian bahasa diperolehi. Hasil penemuan ini membuktikan aliran tematik berupaya dijadikan sebagai satu teknik yang efektif kepada guru dan pelajar untuk membentuk dan membina sebuah penulisan yang berkesinambungan

Penerokaan aliran tematik penulisan bahasa Sepanyol sebagai bahasa asing berdasarkan bidang pengajian

Dalam pembelajaran bahasa asing, menulis merupakan salah satu alat yang penting kerana bertujuan memperoleh maklumat dan kemahiran yang baharu. Maka, seorang pelajar perlu mengetahui interaksi antara klausa berdasarkan informasi yang terkandung dalam Tema dan Rema di dalam teks. Didapati kajian penulisan karangan sebagai bahasa asing tertumpu kepada kajian linguistik, pembelajaran dan pengajaran dan eksperimental benar. Namun, kajian tematik dimensi linguistik hanya membicarakan aliran tematik di sekitar teks tanpa mengambil kira pembolehubah lain seperti bidang pengajian. Bahkan, kajian tematik yang menjurus kepada penulisan karangan bahasa asing selain bahasa Inggeris amat terhad. Maka, kajian ini berobjektif mengenal pasti, menghurai dan menjelaskan penguasaan aliran tematik dalam teks yang dihasilkan oleh pelajar tahap lanjutan bahasa Sepanyol dari angkubah bidang pengajian. Sebanyak 30 teks naratif dan 30 teks ekspositori yang melibatkan 207 unit perenggan dianalisis. Pergerakan aliran idea dalam setiap perenggan dianalisis berpandukan kerangka aliran tematik, Rema Regresi, Rema Ulangan, Tema Rencam, Box Development dan Pair to Single Development. Hasil kajian memaparkan, kesemua bidang pengajian memanfaatkan aliran Tema Rencam tanpa menyedari genre penulisan, pelajar Sains Sosial lebih kreatif mempelbagaikan jenis aliran Tema dalam kedua-dua genre penulisan, pelajar Sains dan Teknologi tidak memanfaatkan aliran Tema Kekal dalam teks naratif dan garapan idea teks ekspositori pelajar Sains Kemanusiaan cenderung kepada norma penulisan teks naratif. Ini menggambarkan pembolehubah bidang pengajian tidak berperanan dan tidak mempengaruhi pembinaan aliran tematik mereka. Walaupun berada di tahap lanjutan namun, masih belum menguasai aspek aliran tematik dengan sebaik-baiknya. Disyorkan, pendekatan pengajaran dan pembelajaran menggunakan Tema/Rema dalam kelas bahasa asing diintegrasikan ke dalam penulisan

A review on orchestration distributed systems for IoT smart services in fog computing

This paper provides a review of orchestration distributed systems for IoT smart services in fog computing. The cloud infrastructure alone cannot handle the flow of information with the abundance of data, devices and interactions. Thus, fog computing becomes a new paradigm to overcome the problem. One of the first challenges was to build the orchestration systems to activate the clouds and to execute tasks throughout the whole system that has to be considered to the situation in the large scale of geographical distance, heterogeneity and low latency to support the limitation of cloud computing. Some problems exist for orchestration distributed in fog computing are to fulfil with high reliability and low-delay requirements in the IoT applications system and to form a larger computer network like a fog network, at different geographic sites. This paper reviewed approximately 68 articles on orchestration distributed system for fog computing. The result shows the orchestration distribute system and some of the evaluation criteria for fog computing that have been compared in terms of Borg, Kubernetes, Swarm, Mesos, Aurora, heterogeneity, QoS management, scalability, mobility, federation, and interoperability. The significance of this study is to support the researcher in developing orchestration distributed systems for IoT smart services in fog computing focus on IR4.0 national agend

Cloud service analysis using round-robin algorithm for quality-of-service aware task placement for internet of things services

Round-robin (RR) is a process approach to sharing resources that requires each user to get a turn using them in an agreed order in cloud computing. It is suited for time-sharing systems since it automatically reduces the problem of priority inversion, which are low-priority tasks delayed. The time quantum is limited, and only a one-time quantum process is allowed in round-robin scheduling. The objective of this research is to improve the functionality of the current RR method for scheduling actions in the cloud by lowering the average waiting, turnaround, and response time. CloudAnalyst tool was used to enhance the RR technique by changing the parameter value in optimizing the high accuracy and low cost. The result presents the achieved overall min and max response times are 36.69 and 650.30 ms for running 300 min RR. The cost for the virtual machines (VMs) is identified from $0.5 to$3. The longer the time used, the higher the cost of the data transfer. This research is significant in improving communication and the quality of relationships within groups

The Effectiveness of Bismuth Addition to Retard the Intermetallic Compound Formation

The aim of this paper is to study the effectiveness of bismuth addition in the solder alloy to retard the intermetallic compound formation and growth. In this study, three categories of solders such as Sn-4Ag-xCu (x = 0.5, 0.7, 1.0) and Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu-xBi (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4) were used. Ni/Au surface finish substrates were dipped into the molten solder at a temperature of 180-190 oC and allowed to cool at room temperature. The intermetallic compound (IMCs) were subjected to the characterization in terms of composition and morphology. The IMC phases were identified by energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), whereas the optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to observe microstructure evolution of the solder joint. The results clearly showed that copper concentration dependency was high during the reflow stage. Besides, only Ni3Sn4 and Ni3Sn2 were detected for all copper concentrations. The addition of Bi was found to have no significant effect on the type of IMCs formed, but yet the grain became further refined

Median codeword Shift (MCS) technique for PAPR reduction with low complexity in OFDM system

With the rapid development of today’s communication technology, the need for a system capable to improve spectral efficiency, high data rates and at the same time can reduce inter-symbol interference (ISI) is necessary. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) meet all the requirements needed. However, the high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) has become its major obstacle. This paper is focusing on the development of Median Codeword Shift (MCS), which a new PAPR reduction technique with the capability to reduce the computational complexity of the system. This can be achieved through codeword structure alterization and bit position manipulation by utilizing the circulant shift process. The simulation results revealed that the proposed technique overwhelm conventional OFDM and SCS with 24% improvement and 0.5 dB gap from SCS. In fact, the proposed technique possess a lower computational complexity by reducing 16.67% of the use of IFFT block in the system in contrast with SCS technique

Greening tea consumtion / Maisarah Abd Rahim...[et al.]

Greening tea consumption would be one of the alternatives that help energizing innovative ecosystem. It is a way to reduce, reuse or recycle a waste thing which refers to reused tea bag and loose leaf tea. Tea bags or even loose leaf tea always can be used more than once, whether for a second cup of tea or by using it for numerous purposes. Rather throw it away to dustbin which is considered as a waste, it is better to reuse or recycle it for certain purposes. Imagines how much can we cut down our waste packaging which refer to individual tea bag whereby we have thrown out about 1095 tea bags each year assuming that we use only once a tea bag per cup and drinks on average three cups of tea per day. Tea bags and loose leaf teas can be multipurpose which they can be reused for cleaning, health and beauty, kitchen purpose, gardening, painting, dye fabrics, tell the future and self- analyze. As a conclusion, greening our tea consumption actually would give many good impact to our daily life which we are not realized on and would save our ecosystem in the future